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The Indus Valley Civilization rivalled the contemporary civilizations of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in both size and scope numbering nearly half a million inhabitants at its height with well-planned grid cities and sewer systems. It is known that the Indus Valley Civilization traded with ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt via established shipping lanes. In ancient Egypt, the word for cotton was Sindh denoting that the bulk of that civilizations cotton was predominantly imported from the Indus Valley Civilization.
Sindh (Sindhī: سنڌ, Urdū: سندھ) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. Different cultural and ethnic groups also reside in Sindh including Urdu speaking people who migrated from India at the time of independence and partition as well as the people migrated from other provinces after independence. Neighbouring regions are Balochistan to the west and north, Punjab in the north, Rajasthan and Gujarat (India) to the east, and the Arabian Sea to the south. The main languages are Sindhi and Urdu. In Sanskrit, the province was dubbed Sindhu meaning "ocean". The Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BCE) knew the region as Sinda, the Persians Abisind, the Greeks Sinthus, the Romans Sindus, the Chinese Sintow, while the Arabs dubbed it Sind. It is mentioned to be a part of Abhirrdesh (Abhira Kingdom) in Srimad Bhagavatam [2]. Historically it was also known as Aparanta.[3] Sindh was the first place where Islam spread in South Asia. As a result, it is often referred to as "Bab-al-Islam" (Gate of Islam).Sindh became a vassal-state of the Afghan Durrani Empire by 1747. It was then ruled by Kalhora rulers and later the Balochi Talpurs[5] from 1783.
British forces under General Charles Napier arrived in Sindh in the 19th century and conquered it in 1843.
It is said that he sent back to the Governor General a one-word message, "Peccavi" – Latin for "I have sinned".
In actual fact, this pun first appeared as a cartoon in Punch magazine. The first Aga Khan helped the British in the conquest of Sindh and was granted a pension as a result.[citation needed].
After 1853, Sindh was divided into provinces, each being assigned a Zamindar or 'Wadara' to collect taxes for the British (a system already used under the Mughals). In a highly controversial move, Sindh was later made part of British India's Bombay Presidency much to the surprise of the local population who found the decision illogical, shortly afterwards, the decision was reversed and became a separate province in 1935. The British ruled the area for a century and Sindh was home to many prominent Muslim leaders including Muhammad Ali Jinnah who agitated for greater Muslim autonomy.
Rule Britannia.......& the origins of war
Eventually men had murdered her.
http://www.guardian.co.uk/pakistan/Story/0,,2233104,00.htmlAlthough courageous and intelligent, she had difficulty gaining the loyalty of her subjects because she was a woman. She didn't wear a veil, but dressed like a man, wearing trousers, a turban and a sword. She hunted, held court and led her army in battle. She also tried to raise non-Turks to high positions. It has been speculated that Raziyya fell in love with Jamal al-Din Yaqut, the Master of the Horse, an Ethiopian slave in her court, and that she promoted him too fast, which caused jealousies in the court. One day it was witnessed that Yaqut helped Raziyya get on her horse by lifting her up. The fact that Sultana allowed herself to be touched by a slave was seen as a violation of ethical behavior and was used by her enemies as a pretext to have her removed from the throne. An army led by Ikhtiyar al-Din Altuniyya engaged Raziyya's troops in battle and Raziyya was captured. Unexpectedly, Altuniyya fell in love with Raziyya and they married. Together they tried to reconquer Delhi, but they lost.
Ibn Battuta, a 14-century Arab traveler and author of Rihlah (Travels) left the following account of Raziyya's demise:
"Raziya's troops suffered a defeat and she fled. Overpowered by hunger and strained by fatigue she repaired to a peasant whom she found tilling the soil. She asked him for something to eat. He gave her a piece of bread which she ate and fell asleep; and she was dressed like a man. But, while she was asleep, the peasant's eyes fell upon a gown (gaba) studded with jewels which she was wearing under her clothes. He realized that she was a woman. So he killed her, plundered her and drove away her horse, and then buried her in his field. Then he went to the market to dispose of one of her garments. But the people of the market became suspicious of him and took him to the shihna (police magistrate)... There he was beaten into confessing his murder and pointed out where he had burried her. Her body was then disinterred, washed, shrouded, and buried there." 2
Raziyya had been on the throne only four years.
Contributed by Danuta Bois, 1998.He said he hoped for consolation to ''those who are still denied their legitimate aspirations for a more secure existence, for health, education, stable employment, for fuller participation in civil and political responsibilities, free from oppression and protected from conditions that offend human dignity.''
Such injustices and discrimination are destroying the internal fabric of many countries and souring international relations, he said.
Phenomenology is used in two basic ways in sociology: (1) to theorize about substantive sociological problems and (2) to enhance the adequacy of sociological research methods. Since phenomenology insists that society is a human construction, sociology itself and its theories and methods are also constructions (Cicourel 1964; 1973). Thus, phenomenology seeks to offer a corrective to the field's emphasis on positivist conceptualizations and research methods that may take for granted the very issues that phenomenologists find of interest. Phenomenology presents theoretical techniques and qualitative methods that illuminate the human meanings of social life.
Phenomenology has until recently been viewed as at most a challenger of the more conventional styles of sociological work and at the least an irritant. Increasingly, phenomenology is coming to be viewed as an adjunctive or even integral part of the discipline, contributing useful analytic tools to balance objectivist approaches (Aho 1998; Levesque-Lopman 1988; Luckmann 1978; Psathas 1973; Rogers 1983).
The central task in social phenomenology is to demonstrate the reciprocal interactions among the processes of human action, situational structuring, and reality construction. Rather than contending that any aspect is a causal factor, phenomenology views all dimensions as constitutive of all others. Phenomenologists use the term reflexivity to characterize the way in which constituent dimensions serve as both foundation and consequence of all human projects. The task of phenomenology, then, is to make manifest the incessant tangle or reflexivity of action, situation, and reality in the various modes of being in the world.
Phenomenology commences with an analysis of the natural attitude. This is understood as the way ordinary individuals participate in the world, taking its existence for granted, assuming its objectivity, and undertaking action projects as if they were predetermined. Language, culture, and common sense are experienced in the natural attitude as objective features of an external world that are learned by actors in the course of their lives.
Human beings are open to patterned social experience and strive toward meaningful involvement in a knowable world. They are characterized by a typifying mode of consciousness tending to classify sense data. In phenomenological terms humans experience the world in terms of typifications: Children are exposed to the common sounds and sights of their environments, including their own bodies, people, animals, vehicles, and so on. They come to apprehend the categorical identity and typified meanings of each in terms of conventional linguistic forms. In a similar manner, children learn the formulas for doing common activities. These practical means of doing are called recipes for action. Typifications and recipes, once internalized, tend to settle beneath the level of full awareness, that is, become sedimented, as do layers of rock. Thus, in the natural attitude, the foundations of actors' knowledge of meaning and action are obscured to the actors themselves.
Actors assume that knowledge is objective and all people reason in a like manner. Each actor assumes that every other actor knows what he or she knows of this world: All believe that they share common sense. However, each person's biography is unique, and each develops a relatively distinct stock of typifications and recipes. Therefore, interpretations may diverge. Everyday social interaction is replete with ways in which actors create feelings that common sense is shared, that mutual understanding is occurring, and that everything is all right. Phenomenology emphasizes that humans live within an intersubjective world, yet they at best approximate shared realities. While a paramount reality is commonly experienced in this manner, particular realities or finite provinces of meaning are also constructed and experienced by diverse cultural, social, or occupational groupings.
For phenomenology, all human consciousness is practical.
it is always of something. Actors intend projects into the world; they act in order to implement goals based on their typifications and recipes, their stock of knowledge at hand. Consciousness as an intentional process is composed of thinking, perceiving, feeling, remembering, imagining, and anticipating directed toward the world. The objects of consciousness, these intentional acts, are the sources of all social realities that are, in turn, the materials of common sense.
Thus, typifications derived from common sense are internalized, becoming the tools that individual consciousness uses to constitute a lifeworld, the unified arena of human awareness and action. Common sense serves as an ever-present resource to assure actors that the reality that is projected from human subjectivity is an objective reality. Since all actors are involved in this intentional work, they sustain the collaborative effort to reify their projections and thereby reinforce the very frameworks that provide the construction tools.
Social interaction is viewed phenomenologically as a process of reciprocal interpretive constructions of actors applying their stock of knowledge at hand to the occasion. Interactors orient themselves to others by taking into account typified meanings of actors in typified situations known to them through common sense. Action schemes are geared by each to the presumed projects of others. The conduct resulting from the intersection of intentional acts indicates to members of the collectivity that communication or coordination or something of the like is occurring among them. For these members, conduct and utterances serve as indexical expressions of the properties of the situation enabling each to proceed with the interaction while interpreting others, context, and self. Through the use of certain interpretive practices, members order the situation for themselves in sensical and coherent terms: In their talk they gloss over apparent irrelevancies, fill in innumerable gaps, ignore inconsistencies, and assume a continuity of meaning, thereby formulating the occasion itself.
AS HERE:
Mr. Glaser — the designer of the “I Heart N.Y.” icon, Gothamist points out — was apparently asked about, or simply offered (it’s unclear), his opinion on why so few women achieve greatness in graphic design. Here’s how Gothamist said the awkward moment went down:
Glaser said that the reason there are so few female rock star graphic designers is that “women get pregnant, have children, go home and take care of their children. And those essential years that men are building their careers and becoming visible are basically denied to women who choose to be at home.” He continued: “Unless something very dramatic happens to the nature of the human experience then it’s never going to change.” About day care and nannies, he said, “None of them are good solutions.”
???????http://hss.fullerton.edu/sociology/orleans/phenomenology.htm
She shot back, “And why should I?”
The confrontation dissolves into a conversation, the hostility into humor.To meet a human being is a major challenge to mind and heart. I must recall what I normally forget. A person is not just a specimen of the species called homo sapiens. He is all of humanity in one, and whenever one man is hurt we are all injured. The human is a disclosure of the divine, and all men are one in God's care for man. Many things on earth are precious, some are holy, humanity is holy of holies.
Dialogue must not degenerate into a dispute, into an effort on the part of each to get the upper hand.
Composição:
Mark London / D. Black / Versão: Fátima Leão / Zezé di Camargo
Gosto de ver o sol no amanhecer
Brilhando em seu olhar
Gosto de ter seu beijo de manhã
Em cada despertar
Sentir seu coração pulsando de leve em minhas mãos
Pulsando de leve em minhas mãos
A paixão é a mais pura razão que me prende a você
É a magia, é o sonho, é o prazer
Que existe em mim, em mim
Só sei dizer que a luz da emoção brilhou entre nós dois
Só sei dizer que em nossos corações nasceu o mesmo amor
Amor que fez enfim o desejo real de viver a dois
Desejo de viver a dois
A paixão é a mais pura razão que me prende a você
É a magia, é o sonho, é o prazer
Que existe em mim, em mim
— Jon S., Hoboken, NJ
As a mother I am very concerned about the way our children are behaving regarding sex.love,feelings and how they position themselves in this world of ours.
The issues are as old as humanity,and ever evolving and ever the same.
Having two sons, I experienced a great hardship with the first one,who only now,after seven years of reckless conduct,as much as I tried to prevent him of getting in trouble ,he is emerging and focusing his life into a productive path.He still has a long way to get himself under his total control.
Now I am facing the same with my younger one,who finding himself an eager girlfriend,(similar to my older son's girlfriend)he is jumping into boiling water,refusing to listen to me.
What is causing me most aprehension is the conduct of this young girls,who have no concern for personal hygiene,demonstrate no responsibility with their body ,no shame or idea of privacy and acting with no concern to others cultivating danger.
I am shocked about their depraved outlook,the exposure and display of vulgarity.
This is not freedom,just a perfect misunderstanding of how to use the mind ,body and feelings.
I do observe that this is is a rampant syndrome and a cause of alarm.
The barriers,limits of safety are being totally trespassed,no respect for their own selves and consequently the results of this car "running without a driver" can only bring more chaos to the world and disaster upon themselves.
There must be a call for some introspection,a self control and a human understanding of a proven law.
Thousands of years ago,the Bible was apparently created,a book of metaphors to scare people,as otherwise they would not obey the warnings.It was then made into religion,as a way to enforce.as it is obvious that disease,and unhappiness is the only outcome of thoughtless minds.